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May 14, 2024
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Entanglement between distant macroscopic mechanical and spin systems

Publicated to: Nature Physics. 17 (2): 228-+ - 2021-02-01 17(2), DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-1031-5

Authors:

Thomas, RA; Parniak, M; Ostfeldt, C; Moller, CB; Bærentsen, C; Tsaturyan, Y; Schliesser, A; Appel, J; Zeuthen, E; Polzik, ES
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Affiliations

Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol, ICFO Inst Ciencies Foton - Author
Danish Fundamental Metrol - Author
Univ Chicago, Pritzker Sch Mol Engn - Author
Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst - Author
University of Copenhagen - Author
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Abstract

Entanglement is an essential property of multipartite quantum systems, characterized by the inseparability of quantum states of objects regardless of their spatial separation. Generation of entanglement between increasingly macroscopic and disparate systems is an ongoing effort in quantum science, as it enables hybrid quantum networks, quantum-enhanced sensing and probing of the fundamental limits of quantum theory. The disparity of hybrid systems and the vulnerability of quantum correlations have thus far hampered the generation of macroscopic hybrid entanglement. Here, we generate an entangled state between the motion of a macroscopic mechanical oscillator and a collective atomic spin oscillator, as witnessed by an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen variance below the separability limit, 0.83 +/- 0.02 < 1. The mechanical oscillator is a millimetre-size dielectric membrane and the spin oscillator is an ensemble of 10(9)atoms in a magnetic field. Light propagating through the two spatially separated systems generates entanglement because the collective spin plays the role of an effective negative-mass reference frame and provides-under ideal circumstances-a back-action-free subspace; in the experiment, quantum back-action is suppressed by 4.6 dB. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement between a millimetre-size mechanical membrane oscillator and a collective atomic spin oscillator formed by an ensemble of caesium atoms is achieved, although the two systems are spatially separated by one metre.
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Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Nature Physics due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 4/86, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Physics, Multidisciplinary. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 5.49. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 13, 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2026-04-03, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 75
  • Open Alex: 23
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-03:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 130.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 130 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 209.
  • The number of mentions on the social network Facebook: 1 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 111 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions on Wikipedia: 6 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions in news outlets: 12 (Altmetric).
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Denmark; United States of America.

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Awards linked to the item

We acknowledge conversations with K. Hammerer and J. H. Muller. X. Huang contributed theoretical simulations in the early stages of the project. We acknowledge M. Balabas for fabricating the coated caesium cells. This project has been supported by the European Research Council Advanced grant QUANTUM-N, the Villum Foundation and John Templeton Foundation. E.Z. acknowledges funding from the Carlsberg Foundation. M.P. was partially supported by the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP). R.A.T. was partially funded by the programme Science without Borders of the Brazilian Federal Government.
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