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The authors sincerely appreciate the efforts of the research groups involved in developing the boron porphyrinoids chemistry over the years. M.R. thanks the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) , Government of India for funding and A. S. thanks IIT Bombay for Senior Research Fellowship.

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Chatterjee, TCorresponding Author

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June 2, 2022
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Synthesis and properties of boron porphyrinoids

Publicated to:Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 465 214574- - 2022-08-15 465(), DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214574

Authors: Sinha, A; Chatterjee, T; Ravikanth, M

Affiliations

Indian Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Mumbai 400 076, India - Author
Inst Chem Res Catalonia, Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol ICIQ BIST, Avda Paisos Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain - Author

Abstract

Boron being a small atom, its coordination chemistry with different porphyrinoids is very unique and unusual compared to coordination chemistry of porphyrinoids with transition metals and other main group elements. One such unique feature is the coordination of more than one boron with the porphyrinoid ligand. The mono- and diboron(III) complexes of porphyrinoids showed distinct coordination variations and exhibited exciting photophysical and redox properties. In this review, we present an overview of the synthesis, structure, and spectral properties of various boron complexes of porphyrinoids that include porphyrins, porphycenes, N-confused and N-fused porphyrins, corroles, triphyrins, expanded porphyrins, and calixphyrins. We described a comparison-based aforementioned boron porphyrinoids addressing their structural varieties, unexpected chemistry associated at both the boron centre, and the porphyrinoid ligand, and possible reasoning behind their unusual coordination chemistry. Interestingly, the usage of the boron porphyrinoids for practical applications has been limited till now. Only the B(III) complexes of 25-oxasmaragdyrins have been explored for ion sensing and photothermal therapy of cancer, whereas some BF2 complexes of calix[16]phyrin, and N-confused calix[8]phyrin have been used for light-harvesting properties, which were also briefly discussed in this review. Thus, we anticipate that the present review article would encourage the porphyrin fraternity to design the new examples of boron porphyrinoids and explore their unrealized potential in modern-day research fields such as developing photocatalysts for organic transformations and solar energy conversion or nanoassemblies for theragnostic agents in clinical applications.

Keywords

AromaticityBinucleating ligandBoron porphyrinoidsCalixphyrinsComplexesCoordination chemistryCoordination modesCorrolesDiborane(4)Diboron corrolesFunctionalizationHeptaphyrinHexaphyrinsN-confused and n-fused porphyrinsOctaphyrinsOxasmaragdyrinPentaphyrinsPhotophysical propertiesPorphycenePorphyrinsSmaragdyrinsSubphthalocyaninesTriphyrins

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Coordination Chemistry Reviews due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position 1/42, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.91. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 5.08 (source consulted: Dimensions Oct 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-10-19, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 18

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-10-19:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 9.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 9 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 0.5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: India.

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Chatterjee, Tamal.